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Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Equipment and General Process Flow
Wastewater treatment equipment is a comprehensive system designed to remove contaminants from wastewater through physical, chemical, and biological processes, enabling the treated water to meet discharge standards or be reused. Its primary objectives are to protect the environment, conserve water resources, and ensure public health. Below is a detailed overview of equipment categories, core processes, and typical workflows:
I. Classification of Wastewater Treatment Equipment
1. By Wastewater Source
Domestic Wastewater Treatment Equipment:
Processes household sewage (e.g., toilet, kitchen, and laundry wastewater), focusing on organic matter (COD, BOD₅) and suspended solids (SS) removal.
Industrial Wastewater Treatment Equipment:
Customized for specific industries (e.g., chemical, textile, food processing), addressing contaminants like heavy metals, oils, and high-concentration organics.
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Equipment:
Handles large-scale urban sewage, integrating pretreatment, biological treatment, and sludge management to meet stringent discharge standards.
2. By Treatment Process
Physical Treatment Equipment:
Grilles, sedimentation tanks, clarifiers, filters (sand/activated carbon), and membrane systems (UF, MF) for solid-liquid separation.
Chemical Treatment Equipment:
Dosing systems (coagulants, flocculants, disinfectants), pH adjustment tanks, and advanced oxidation processes (e.g., ozone generators).
Biological Treatment Equipment:
Activated sludge reactors (e.g., aeration tanks, SBR, MBR), anaerobic digesters, and biofilm systems (trickling filters, moving bed biofilm reactors).
Advanced Treatment Equipment:
Reverse osmosis (RO) units, ion exchange columns, UV disinfection systems, and evaporation crystallizers for high-purity water production.
II. General Process Flow
1. Pretreatment
Screening & Grit Removal:
Bar Screens: Remove large debris (e.g., sticks, plastics) to protect downstream equipment.
Grit Chambers: Sediment heavy inorganic particles (sand, gravel) through gravity separation.
Equalization Tanks:
Buffer flow and concentration fluctuations to stabilize subsequent treatment processes.
2. Primary Treatment
Sedimentation Tanks:
Remove settleable solids through gravity, reducing SS by 50-70% and organic load by 30-40%.
Optional Processes:
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF): For oily wastewater or low-density solids removal.
Chemical Coagulation: Enhances particle aggregation for better sedimentation.
3. Secondary Treatment (Biological)
Activated Sludge Process:
Aeration Tanks: Microorganisms degrade organic matter into CO₂ and water under aerobic conditions.
Secondary Clarifiers: Separate biomass (activated sludge) from treated water; sludge is partially recycled.
Variants:
A/O (Anaerobic-Oxic) Process: Removes nitrogen and phosphorus through sequential anaerobic and aerobic zones.
MBR (Membrane Bioreactor): Combines biological treatment with membrane filtration for superior effluent quality (SS < 10 mg/L).
4. Tertiary Treatment (Advanced Purification)
Filtration:
Sand/anthracite filters or membrane systems (UF/RO) remove residual solids and dissolved contaminants.
Disinfection:
Chlorination, UV irradiation, or ozone treatment to inactivate pathogens (e.g., E. coli, viruses).
Nutrient Removal:
Chemical precipitation (for phosphorus) or biological processes (nitrification-denitrification).
5. Sludge Treatment
Thickening & Dewatering:
Reduce sludge volume via gravity thickeners, belt filter presses, or centrifuges (moisture content from 99% to 75-85%).
Stabilization:
Anaerobic Digestion: Convert organic sludge to biogas (methane) for energy recovery.
Composting: Aerobic decomposition with bulking agents (e.g., wood chips) to produce biofertilizer.
Final Disposal:
Landfill, incineration, or land application (if meeting regulatory standards).
III. Typical Applications & Process Selection
Wastewater Type
Core Processes
Target Standards
Domestic Sewage
Bar Screen → Grit Chamber → A²O/MBR → Disinfection
GB 18918-2002 Grade A (COD ≤ 50 mg/L)
Industrial Wastewater
Pretreatment → Chemical Precipitation → Biological Treatment → RO
Zero discharge or reuse (e.g., electronics industry)
